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Nurse Practitioners Assess At-Risk, Elderly Emergency Department Patients

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Do Not Hospitalize orders for nursing home residen...

 Do Not Hospitalize orders for nursing home residents with advanced dementia

geripal.org/2013/10/do-not-hospitalize-orders-for-nursing.html

by: Alex Smith @alexsmithMD

Advanced dementia is a terminal illness needing palliative care. Unfortunately, there is a great divide between this statement of the world as it should be, and the current reality of the world as it is.  Rates of pain and shortness of breath are high for patients with advance dementia.  Patients with advanced dementia often reside in nursing homes, and few nursing homes offer specialized palliative care services.  And, as we can see from an article in this months Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, communication about prognosis and goals of care is still lacking.

In this study, Elizabeth Mann and colleagues asked health care proxies (generally family caregivers) of nursing home residents with advanced dementia a series of open-ended questions about Do-Not-Hospitalize orders.  Hospitalizing patients with advanced dementia is often (though not always) more  harmful, leading to potentially burdensome and painful interventions (feeding tube insertion, needle sticks, restraints). All decisions to hospitalize must be made in the context of the patient's goals and the risks and benefits of hospitalization, and alternative, namely, ongoing treatment in the nursing home. 

A Do-Not-Hospitalize order is appropriate for a patient whose goals are focused on comfort and maximizing quality of life without returning to the hospital.  The health care proxy for every nursing home resident with advanced dementia should have a discussion about the goals of the patient, the patients prognosis, and treatment options.  (Side note: The Minimum Dataset, a mandatory assessment of nursing home quality, records the Do-Not-Hospitalize status for each patient.  I suspect we focus more on this order in nursing homes than in the home setting in part because it is routinely measured in nursing homes.)

Dr. Mann and colleagues interviewed 16 health care proxies.  They found:

• 10 nursing home residents had a Do-Not-Hospitalize order.  None were on hospice.
• Many did not understand what a Do-Not-Hospitalize order meant.  Three thought they had placed a Do-Not-Hospitalize order when they had not.
• Many were not aware that their loved ones with advanced dementia would inexorably decline.

"Right now she's not on physical therapy, which they took her off....She's not walking...She used to walk.  So I would like to get her walking again."

There was also some justifiable concern that a Do-Not-Hospitalize order would mean Do-Not-Treat.  Some people were concerned that the order may be too limiting - that there would be some situations where hospitalization would be appropriate, like for hip-fracture:

"I could not imagine my mother  falling and breaking her hip and not going to the hospital...Because I think that would be very painful for her.  And [it] would be cruel.  And someone could say well what's the difference between having pneumonia and not going to the hospital and breaking an arm and not going to the hospital.  And I don't know that I can answer that except in my mind there is a difference..."

We wrote about this exact scenario in a piece for JAMA Internal Medicine recently - an elderly women with dementia falls and breaks her hip, her advance directive states Do-Not-Hospitalize, but her doctor and surrogate feel hospitalization and surgery give her the best chance of recovery of function and quality of life. (See blog posts here and here with lots of discussion and disagreement about our recommendations)There are two issues here.  The first is the need for doctors to ascertain and document the degree of flexibility or leeway that patients give proxies for situations like this.  For example, "I don't want to be hospitalized for any reason.  Period.  If I break my hip, just keep me  comfortable in the nursing home."  Or, "Let my husband decide.  No one can predict for sure what will happen in the future.  Do I want to stay out of the hospital?  Yes, of course.  But I can't say never."

The second major issue is the suboptimal understanding of health care proxies of nursing home residents with advanced dementia about prognosis and risks and benefits of hospitalization.  In many cases, this misunderstanding results from a proxy-clinician communication failure.

Plenty of room for improvement.

 

Is any Advance Directive better than no Advance Directive?

The international awareness of medical Advance Directives, including the power of palliative care, is a great improvement to the end of life process.  But, “Is any Advance Directive (AD) better than no Advance Directive? “   It probably depends on what you are trying to accomplish with the AD.

The number of well-intended websites that help individuals and caregivers create advance directives seems to be increasing on a monthly basis.   The majority of these websites focus on the critical initial conversation regarding what is important to you during your end of life.  The idea is that the more an individual shares about their desires, their wishes, the less stress and anxiety by the family, friends, and caregivers.  Great.  Do these AD documents result in less stress and anxiety and a better end of life? 

What is an AD?

End-of-life planning usually includes making choices about the following:

·        The goals of care (for example, whether to use certain medicines during the last days of life)

·        Where you want to spend your final days

·        Which treatments for end-of-life care you wish to receive

·        What type of palliative care and hospice care you wish to receive

The laws governing advance directives vary from state to state, so it is important to complete and sign advance directives that comply with your state's law.   Also, advance directives can have different titles in different states.  One state’s advance directive does not always work in another state. Some states do honor advance directives from another state; others will honor out-of-state advance directives as long as they are similar to the state's own law; and some states do not have an answer to this question. The best solution is if you spend a significant amount of time in more than one state, you should complete the advance directives for all the states you spend a significant amount of time in

Recent studies have found that there are several key steps to the Advance Directive Process and several life stages that they impact.  Let’s discuss life stages first, as the process is significantly different depending on where you are at because the tools to support the AD process vary depending on where a patient falls on this spectrum:

Healthy -> Potential Life Threatening -> Life Threatening -> Hospice -> End of Life

For a healthy person at the left end of this spectrum, tools regarding goals of care may be considering decisions for comfort versus improved function/rehabilitation versus life prolongation, and the choice of a proxy decision maker(s) who can communicate these values. These tools involve making decisions for hypothetical health states the person has not yet experienced. People who have not experienced a serious event may have a tenuous understanding about the health states for which decisions are being made. These decisions differ from end-of-life decisions because they require people to imagine what life would be like under various conditions of disability, whereas within end-of-life decisions, the patient is directly experiencing the alternative to death.

Based on my research, the majority of website AD tools are designed for healthy people and they produce some great documents.  However, a recent email I received stated that “even if the AD is completed, known, and even accessible (miracle to this point I know) – Is it CONSUMABLE to the ED (Emergency Department) practitioners?  10 page narrative paper or PDF documents are not always very helpful to the busy clinician…. especially if they are at the point of considering life-saving / extending procedures.”   Does this means is that if we do not produce an AD document that is usable by the Emergency Department then it is the same as one does not even exist?

I am very concerned.  What do you think?

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When Advance Directives Are Ignored

When Advance Directives Are Ignored

Do Advance Directive (AD) websites comply with State Laws?

The number of well-intended websites that help individuals and caregivers create advance directives seems to be growing on a monthly basis.   Do these websites create legal documents?

The laws governing advance directives vary from state to state, so it is important to complete and sign advance directives that comply with your state's law.   Also, advance directives can have different titles in different states.  One state’s advance directive does not always work in another state. Some states do honor advance directives from another state; others will honor out-of-state advance directives as long as they are similar to the state's own law; and some states do not have an answer to this question. The best solution is if you spend a significant amount of time in more than one state, you should complete the advance directives for all the states you spend a significant amount of time in.  Source

The AHRQ Report on Decision Aids for Advance Care Planning clearly states “As state law governs almost all issues related to end-of-life care, content of decision aids for ACP should be consistent with a state’s laws and regulations. For example, some states require that in order for a proxy to have authority regarding withholding or withdrawing a feeding tube, that preference must be explicitly stated in a healthcare directive, while other states grant a proxy discretion on that issue. Thus, an excellent decision aid for use in one state may mislead a patient’s effort to document preferences in another state. “

One site, DoYourProxy.org, at least informs / warns users that “Certain states require specific forms and/or specific statements to be included in their advance directive forms, and the forms generated here do not meet these requirements.”

Other sites seem to completely ignore the state law issue and are creating documents that are not legal.

I have also seem the rapid generation of “state forms” that have been copied from site to site, and one that just recently communicated that they now have state forms is using documents created in 2004! State laws change a lot and a document that has not been update for a decade might be at risk.

How do these well intended Advance Directive (AD) websites improve to meet the state law challenge?